The Nature Of Biomedical Waste Environmental Sciences Essay

The Nature Of Biomedical Waste Environmental Sciences Essay Biomedical waste is that waste which is generated by the diagnosis and treatment of human beings or animals or by the medical research activities conducted or during the production of medical equipment. Biomedical waste can be hazardous and infectious by nature. So it needs to be handled properly to ensure it doesnt deteriorate peoples health when its discarded. Any inadequacy in the management of biomedical waste can result in the following issues: The waste can become a breeding ground for flies Can result in high risk of infections to medical staff Increased hazardous risk for the person handling the chemicals and other waste including the sharps Poor infection control can also lead to spread of infections to patients from the medical centres If such waste is reused, it can result in diseases like cholera, plague, tuberculosis, AIDS etc. Also, studies have shown that one-third of the total waste generated in the medical establishment is hazardous and toxic in nature. Since the mismanagement of biomedical waste can be dangerous to the public, the government (Ministry of Environment and Forests) has provided uniform guidelines and code of practice for the whole nation regarding the management handling of biomedical waste in the Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules,1998. Methodology: For this project, I visited the medical centre in Symbiosis Viman Nagar Campus (SVC) for information and interviewed the doctor in charge of the centre Dr. Kiran Mahajan. Though he stated that the medical centre of SVC was not performing advanced medical treatments and thus the composition of their centres biomedical waste would differ a lot from that of a hospital, still he had the knowledge of the waste generated in hospitals and how is it managed. So we could rely on his information. So the most important source of information for this project was the interview with Dr. Kiran Mahajan and secondly, I also looked up the internet for some additional information and facts to enrich my knowledge about biomedical waste. Some of the important questions I asked Dr. Kiran Mahajan were: Q- What are the items included in (or composition of) biomedical waste? Q- How can it become dangerous if not managed well? Q- What is the process of managing biomedical waste? Q- Is this process different from the management of other waste? Q- What is the present condition of biomedical waste management in the medical institutions? Q- Can you find out any inefficiencies in the waste management process? Q- Can you quantify the amount of biomedical waste generated? Q- How is the generated waste treated/disposed off? Findings: I was enlightened with the following information by Dr. Kiran Mahajan and the internet. First of all, biomedical waste includes: Human anatomical waste (tissues, organs, body parts etc.) Animal waste (as above, generated during research/experimentation, from veterinary hospitals etc.) Microbiology and biotechnology waste, such as, laboratory cultures, micro-organisms Human and animal cell cultures, toxins etc. Waste sharps, such as, hypodermic needles, syringes, scalpels, broken glass etc. Discarded medicines Soiled waste, such as dressing, bandages, material contaminated with blood etc. Solid waste (disposable items like tubes, catheters etc. excluding sharps), Liquid waste generated from any of the infected areas, Incineration ash, Chemical waste. The management issues in bio-medical waste handling are: Reduction of waste generation Segregation of waste at the place of its generation Transportation of the waste Handling of the waste Proper disposal Stages of biomedical waste management: Stage 1: Waste generation and storage: Here the waste generated is segregated at the place of its generation and the toxic and hazardous waste is kept in a separate container which is labelled for its easy identification. Each type of waste generated is kept separately and labelled which further helps in its transportation and handling. According to the rules of the government, untreated waste shouldnt be stored beyond a point of 48 hours. Suggestions for segregation and storages of waste in separate containers: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The container must be strong enough to be able to handle the pre-determined maximum capacity of waste without any damage. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It shouldnt have any leakages. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The containers should be covered when idle. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The sharps must be stored in puncture proof containers after being mutilated. After a bag or container is sealed, a label of the name of the component should be attached to it. Stage 2: Transportation: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ While collecting waste from the medical establishments, it should be ensured that the waste is properly collected without any leakages and ambiguity in its nature. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Attempts can be made to provide a separate corridor for transfer of waste from the storage area to its transport area (It can be ensured that this path is not used for mobility of the patients and visitors). Stage 3: Waste treatment and disposal: The various ways for treatment and disposal of waste are: Incineration: Its the practice of using thermal energy to convert the waste into inert materials and gases. This process has been recommended for human anatomical waste, animal waste, discarded medicines. Autoclave treatment: It is a process in which the waste material is brought in contact with steam for a time period which is sufficient to disinfect the waste material. It is recommended for biotechnology waste, waste sharps. Microwave treatment: It is again a wet thermal disinfection technology but unlike others (which heat the waste externally), microwave heats the target material inside out providing a high level of disinfection. Chemical disinfecting: It involves the use of chemicals like hypochlorite solution to disinfect the waste. It is recommended for waste sharps, solid, liquid as well as chemical wastes. Sanitary and secured landfilling: It is required in the following circumstances: Deep burial of human anatomical waste when a proper facility of incineration is not available. (Sanitary landfill) Animal waste. (Sanitary landfill) Disposal of autoclaved, microwaved waste. (Sanitary landfill) Disposal of incineration ash. (Sanitary landfill) Disposal of bio-medical waste till such time when proper treatment and disposal facility is in place. (Secured landfill) Disposal of sharps. (Secured landfill) General waste: The other non-toxic and non-hazardous waste can be taken care of by the following ways: Composting of green waste Recycling of packaging material Problems/inefficiencies being faced in the field: Some of the problems/inefficiencies being encountered in the management of biomedical waste are: Till now, it has been observed that the statistics presented in the government by the Ministry of environment and forests about the quantity of biomedical waste are often not true/accurate.* (See references for source) The Ministry of environment and forests claims that India treats more than 70% of the biomedical waste it generates (which can be misleading if the statistics are wrong as mentioned above). Another problem being faced is the improper disposal of this waste i.e. even though the correct method is being followed; the method is not being implemented properly. For. E.g. the incineration of waste is observed to be done at 400 C which is to be done at 1000 C resulting in release of poisonous gases.

Behind the Sun

Behind the Sun (Abril Despedacado) was a thought-provoking and captivating work of art by Walter Salles, Sergio Machado and Karim Ainouz; who collaboratively derived the story from an Albanian book (Broken April by Ismail Kadare). Behind the Sun was set in 1910 in the Northeast region of Brazil. The movie unfolds with this line, â€Å"This is the story of me, my brother, and a shirt in the wind†¦ † The line was narrated by a charming young boy, Pacu (com/english-4-b-calpac/">Ravi Ramos Lacerda). He comes from a family of peasants, who grows sugarcane for a living.Pacu's oldest brother had just been murdered at the beginning of the movie. The setting was miserable, to say the least. The opening of the movie only matched this misery in the setting by showing a gory sight of a blood-stained shirt. The shirt belonged to Pacu's oldest brother, who was then the latest victim in their family's feud with the Ferreiras family. The two families had been warring over land and territ orial issues. Tradition dictates that the Breves family should avenge the death of their family member, but not long before the stain has turned from red to yellow.â€Å"When the blood on the shirt turns yellow, someone will die,† Pacu narrated further. The surviving eldest son of the Breves family, Tonio (Rodrigo Santaro), did what he had to do, according to their tradition — he killed the eldest son of the Ferreiras family. Tonio felt that the vicious cycle of killing and revenge, disguising as a noble tradition, had to end; but he felt powerless to end it, so he allowed it to continue by killing the eldest son in the other family. As a result, he was next in line to be killed.But the charming and much too adorable boy, Pacu, had a way of keeping Tonio alive. Pacu died for Tonio. He knew at a tender age that sacrifice, an act of love, was the key to end the vicious cycle that their family was caught in. In relation to Brazilian notions of ethnicity, the deep set often mysterious-looking eyes of the Breves brothers were captivating. Ironically, the softness of their looks couldn't match with the ferocious tradition they keep. The film is a story about a strong family bond, so strong in fact, that one had to be prepared to die in revenge of the other.Moreover, one was willing to die to let the other live and move on. The photography and sequence of shots in the movie are absolute astounding and even poetic in nature. It seemed that every beat of its music matched with every frame in the screen with grace and much respect to art. Their clothing was not far from imaginable, the family bonding was very plausible, considering how tight family bonding was (still is) in Brazil. If it were a movie set in this time and age, it wouldn’t have been plausible, with all the killings.But it was in 1910, when a lot of things, like respect for life, have yet to be discovered. Certainly, the work of art from the sounds to the overall direction and cinematog raphy helped in establishing the depth and heaviness of the movie. Truth be told, Hollywood cannot create movie that is as profound as this without resorting to much gimmickry. What Behind the Sun producers did that Hollywood won’t dare to try is to simply tell a tragic story in the most poetic way possible. It was a wonderful movie, overall. It was heavy in the mind, and it certainly will not be easy to forget.

How Attitude Roles in Decision Making Essay

Before I can talk about the play role between attitude and buying decision process, let’s look at the definition of attitude first. Attitude is a relationship link between feeling and believes or a consumer’s thoughts and the response action. We can say that attitude is something that is in the people’s mind and the thought of a consumer’s openness towards the information received by each individual. The information received can be both positive and negative. As we can all see that attitude comprise of consumer’s thought which has an effect on the feeling and that feeling will express through the consumer’s acting. Now let’s see what it is means by decision making process. It is a process of choosing one or another way from all of the alternatives that a consumer has considered with. Normally, the final decision making would be the best and the most suitable alternative which helps consumer reaches their objective. Attitude is the important internal factor that shapes an individual choice. In addition, there are three factors that will lead to consumer’s behavior, which are predisposing factors, enabling factors and reinforcing factors. Predisposing factors comprise of knowledge, beliefs, values, cultures and, of course, attitude, which I will focus on. Moreover, attitude can be form by many ways. It may be through the learning process, the ability to distinguish the differences (which one is good or bad), imitate from others and experienced for each individual. These three factors influence a consumer’s behavior and it also effect the decision making of that particular consumer. For example, consumer has experienced that the expensive things always come together with the better quality products. And he believed in what is actually has happened to him in the past, called the cognitive component. So whenever he recognized the problem, like he want to buy a new bag (an opportunity recognition) and try to search for all the alternatives he is willing to buy or interested in, you will find out that all the alternatives are all the brand name bags with the high price. In another situation, a consumer may imitate an attitude of â€Å"being fat means ugly† from friends and society around her. So it may leads to the decision making by she is starting to recognize the problem by thinking that she is too fat and will classify herself as ugly person, called an affective component. Then what she will try to do next is the information search, both internal and external, about how she can reduce her weight and so on. So you can see that an attitude of a consumer, even though it comes from your society around you, can influence an individual’s decision making process easily. The function of attitudes may also role in the decision making process because it helps consumes to cope with their environments. One of the five functional theories of attitudes is social-adjustment function, which is a function occur when a society make an adjustment about something and it leads an individual consumer to develop the attitude toward it. For example, nowadays people are more concerned about the environmental in our society

The Dark Side of the Roaring Twenties - 1310 Words

The Roaring Twenties, most of the things we hear about the twenties are of good, happy times and of advances in technology and medicine. When we picture the twenties, we picture people dancing, listening to jazz and driving Model Ts. Also, in the twenties, the pretty was quite prosperous. But, there was a dark side to the Roaring Twenties. Those years there were some troubling trends and events, which many forget when thinking of that decade; prohibition, organized crime, nativism and the return of the Ku Klux Klan. Ironically, the twenties are often thought of as a time with careless drinking, when actually, it was illegal in that decade to sell or consume alcohol. On January 16th, 1920, the Eighteenth Amendment went into effect. A ban†¦show more content†¦People then began to find the cost of prohibition too high and most did not see drinking, at least in moderation, as sinful. Prohibition finally ended in 1933 with the Twenty-first Amendment. Another issue that arose in t he twenties was nativism. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, immigrants were welcomed into the United States because the country was growing and industrializing. Due to this, laborers were needed. Also, the United States was always proud of being a refuge for people fleeing hardship or mistreatment in their own countries, or looking for new opportunities for themselves and their children. Before 1890, most of the immigrants had come from the same countries as those who first settled in America. So they typically shared the same values as the original settlers. In the beginning of the twentieth century, most of the immigrants came from southern and eastern European countries. Some also came from Puerto Rico, the West Indies and Mexico. In contrast to the Protestant majority, these newer immigrants tended to be Catholics or Jews, and had different morals and values. 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